Gálycians
Varkons or Hvariz or Khalyz or Cozar were a people of Mosaian religion from Khworasm. Many of them arrived in Europe as the people of Csaba from whose family many Ashkenazi Jews descend. Their ancestors who remained in Khworasm became the ancestors of the Bukharian Jews.
Part of the Hvariz made their base in Halych from which they ruled the Bulgars of the Avar Khaganate in Dacia. Another group harasses Byzantium as the Kutrigurs. A third group were the Unogundurs who were incited to war against the Kutrigurs. They were reunited under the Kutrigur leader Chouvrtou in alliance with Sami's Serbs before four Carpathian groups split to form the Slovenians, Bulgarians Croats and Russians in revolt against Khazar rule.
Avars or Hebreo-Iverians or Bulgars (Varguni) were a mixture of Hvarezmi and Sabir-Hunno Bulgars of Csaba. The earliest mention of this union in European history is by Priscus, who declared in 463 AD that a mixed Saragur, Urog and Unogur embassy asked Byzantium for an alliance, having been dislodged by Sabirs in 461 due to the Hvarizmi drive towards the west.[1] The Hvarezmi migrated from Hvarezam, to their present location south of Transcaucasian Iberia which was originally populated by the Alarodian Hurrians from Subartu.[2] The Y-Chromosomal J Haplogroups typical of Iverian men are still common today in the area of ancient Subartu and Szekelyland. The modern Arab Encyclopaedia states that the Magyars originated in this area. The Hvarezmi invasion of the Caucasus resulted in the establishment of an Hvarezmi ruling dynasty in Sarir, a Moseian state in the Dagestani Highlands, where the Caucasian Avars now live. It is known that with the mediation of Sarosios in 567, the Göktürks requested Byzantium to distinguish the Varkun of Pannonia as "Pseudo-Avars" as opposed to the true Hvarezmi of the east, who had come under Göktürk hegemony.[3]
The Chalyzians or Khalyzians (Arabic: Khalis, Khwarezmian: Khwalis, Byzantine Greek: Χαλίσιοι, Khalisioi, Magyar: Káliz) were a people mentioned by the 12th-century Byzantine historian John Kinnamos in Halych.
Kinnamos in his epitome twice mentions Khalisioi in the Hungarian army. He first describes them as practising Mosaic law; though whether they were actually Jews is unclear because other editions state that they were Muslims. They were said to have fought against the Byzantine Empire as allies of the tribes of Dalmatia in 1154, during Manuel Comnenus's campaign in the Balkans.
Prior to the years 889–92 some Khalis and Kabars (Kavars) of the Khazar realm had joined the Hungarian (Magyar) federation that had conquered and settled in Hungary. Another group had joined the Pechenegs. Al-Bakri (1014–1094) states that around 1068 A.D. there were considerable numbers of al-Khalis amongst the nomadic Muslim Pechenegs (Hungarian: Besenyő), that lived around the southern steppes of Russia.
He also mentions that the original al-Khalis living within the Khazar realm may have been foreign slaves from Byzantine Constantinople and/or other lands. The Pechenegs gave them the choice of staying in their country, where they could inter-marry or leave for another country of their choice. Anna Komnena in her Alexiad mentions a Pecheneg chief named Khalis.
Abraham Harkavy hypothesized that the Khalyzians were refugees fleeing the destruction of their khaganate by the Kievan Rus in the 960s AD and the Pecheneg influx which followed in the 970s. A contemporary of Harkavy's, the Polish historian Template:Ill, suggested that the Khalyzians were identical with the tribe known in Russian sources as the Khvalisy; hence they may have been connected to the Arsiya.
The maternal ancestors of the Magyarized Pecheneg clan Aba, to which the Hungarian king Samuel Aba (1041–47) belonged, were according to Hungarian chronicles of Khwarazmian origin (de gente Corosmina, de Corosminis orta).
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The Khwarezmian connection
Khwarezm is a city in present-day Uzbekistan, in the former Persian province of Khorasan. Since it was part of the silk road, it was known internationally, and had several different names in several different languages, including Byzantine Greek who called the products of this city "khalisios", which was masculine for "of the city of khalis."
A province of the Lower Volga
The province of Khwalis (Khwali-As) on the lower Volga, was the realm of the trading Eastern Iranians; its twin city Amol/Atil, also called Sariycin/Khamlikh. It was ruled by a governor with the title of Tarkhan As-Tarkhan.
Source: Harvard Ukrainian Studies, Volume II, Number 3, September 1978, p.262 (Ukrainian Research Institute, Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts).
Towns named after the Kaliz
Budakalász (Hungary), Kalász (Hungary/Slovakia), Halych (Ukraine), Kalasë (Albania) and numerous places in Russia (Kalasevo: Respublika Mordoviya), Iran (Kalash Garan: Ostan-e Lorestan), Afghanistan (Kalizeh: Velayat-e Helmand) and Punjab Pakistan (Kalis/Kalas).
See also
- Böszörmény
- Kankalis a clan of Pechenegs (Besenyő)
- Kabar
- Qarays and Karaim language
Sources
Also mentioned in the Syrian compilation of Church Historian Zacharias Rhetor bishop of Mytilene